Niacin (Vitamin B3) Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency is very important in pig and dog Corn is deficient in Niacin or Vitamin B3 Deficiency of Niacin or Vitamin B3 causes canine pellagra and swine pellagra Pellagra results from deficiency of Niacin or Tryptophan In swine it causes nutritional enteritis or chronic diarrhea Deficiency of Vitamin B3 causes mucus degeneration and then causes invasion by Salmonella cholerasuis, Sherophorus necrophotus and Balantidium coli and causes diffuse Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency in dogs cause black tongue/Canine pellagra Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Three naturally occurring forms. i. Pyridoxine ii. Pyridoxal iii. Pyridoxamine Abundant in cured grains Coenzyme form of Pyridoxine is Pyridoxal S Phosphate involved in transaminations, carboxylations, deaminations in lipid and aminoacid metabolism Deficiency of Vitamin B6 causes microcytic anaemia in swines Deficiency of B6 causes haemosiderosis of spleen, liver, bone marrow Necrosis and atrophy of dorsal root ganglia in swine Pantothenic acid or B5 Chick antidermatitis factor Deficient in corn so deficient ion corn fed to swines Pantothenic acid is an important component of Coenzyme A Pantothenic acid is important precursor of cholesterol, steroid hormones Pantothenic acid is deficiency in swine leads to alopecia, rough hair coat, Goose stepping gait (pigs drags with hind legs) Biotin Hypobiotinosis: Kangaroo sitting posture haunched stance Present in green plants, liver, yeast Biotin synthesized in rumen and large intestine Biotin deficiency mainly seen in poultry (synthesized in caecum and absorption from SI so deficiency in birds) Aflatoxin is a Biotin antagonist Biotin is an important cofactor for pyruvate carboxylase Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (in lipogenesis) Biotin is essential in Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Avidin in egg (raw) causes Biotin deficiency Biotin deficiency causes parrot beak and chondrodystrophy or bone abnormality in birds. Also causes perosis or slipped tendon Biotin deficiency causes fattly liver kidney syndrome (FLKD) Vitamin B9 or Folic acid (folate) Folate is the naturally occurring form of vitamin B9 Folic acid is a synthetic form of vitamin B9, also known as pteroylmonoglutamic acid. Chemically folic acid is Pteroylmonoglutamic acid Rich in greens, fruits, vegetables etc Folic acid is mainly transported as monoglutamate Folic acid within the cell is converted to tetrahydrofolate Folic acid is essential for cell mitosis Folic acid deficiency reduces DNA synthesize Folic acid deficiency causes Megaloblastic anaemia (Co deficiency also cause Megaloblastic anaemia) Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine) Vitamin B12 has the most complex structure of all vitamins Synthetic therapeutic form of B12 is Cyanocobalamine Ruminants synthesise B12 in rumen by microbes Cobalt is needed for Vitamin B12 synthesise Deficiency of Cobalt causes B12 deficiency in ruminants Vitamin B12 deficiency is very important in poultry Vitamin B12 is very essential for nucleic acid synthesise and for good health of nervous system Deficiency of Cobalt and Vitamin B12 causes Ovine white liver disease Diphyllobothrium latum depletes Vitamin B12 in host and it results in pernicious anaemia Vitamin B12 closely connected with folic acid in its functions Vitamin B12 deficiency causes DNA synthesize impairment Vitamin B12 deficiency causes Megaloblastic anaemia Vitamin B12 deficiency causes oedematous and haemorrhagic embryo Vitamin B4 or Choline Choline is CH3 (Methyl) group donator for various reactions Choline helps in converting neutral fat to phospholipid Choline deficiency causes Fatty change Choline is called as Lipotropic factor as it is having fat affinity Fatty liver of young animals due to choline deficiency Colustrum is a good source of Choline In poultry its deficiency causes fatty liver, decreased hatchability, chondrodystrophy etc Vitamin C or Ascorbic acid Rich in greens, fruits, citrus fruits (highest amount of Vitamin C) Most animals produce Vitamin c from glucose via glucuronic acid they have L-gulonolactone oxidase Humans, Guinea pigs and monkeys lack L-gulonolactone oxidase enzyme so has Vitamin C deficiency Ascorbic acid or Vitamin C produced in liver of mammals and birds Kidney also synthesize Vitamin C in certain birds Vitamin C is important in accelerating hydroxylation reaction Most important function of Vitamin C is cofactor of Prolyl and Lysyl hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Collagen has highest content of Hydroxyproline in the body Vitamin C is very important in collagen synthesise. So cause scurvy in man, monkey and guinea pigs Deficiency of Vitamin C causes haemorrhages mainly in gums Wound healing also affected in Vitamin C deficiency
