Sodium chloride: Maintains osmotic pressure (65% pressure by NaCl) Increased NaCl leads to gastroenteritis in ruminants, Ascites in poultry, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in pigs Poultry and pigs are more susceptible to NaCl Calcium: Normal 10 to 11 mg/100 mL of blood If more than 12 mg/100 mL of blood then Metastatic Calcification If less than 8 mg/100 mL of blood then Tetany Parathormone increases Calcium level in blood and Calcitonin decreases Calcium in blood Calcitonin secreted from Thyroid. If calcium level is less than 3 mg/100 mL of blood then instant death occurs Magnesium: Normal: 1.7 to 3 mg/100 mL of blood (average 2 mg/100 mL of blood). Activator of Alkaline phosphatase. Magnesium deficiency causes Grass Tetany or Grass staggers. Phosphorus: 4 to 8 mg/100 mL of blood. Rheumatism, Haemoglobinuria. Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria is due to deficiency of Phosphorus Selenium: Deficiency causes anemia due to RBC haemolysis. Excess Selenium causes Blind Staggers Copper: Deficiency causes Swayback and Enzootic ataxia Manganese: Slipped tendon or Perosis: failure of ossification of bone and slipping of gastrocnemius tendon Zinc: Deficiency causes Parakeratosis in pigs, facial eczema in cattle and immunodeficiency in animals Iodine: Deficiency causes Goitre. In newborn pigs, if it is deficient, it leads to alopecia. Abnormal spermatozoa, decreased spermatogenesis, decreased libido, decreased fertility, suboestrus, anoestrus, hydrocephalus, dystokia. Increased Iodine causes lacrimation with dandruff (Pityriasis) Flourine: Deficiency causes teeth mottling Maize is deficient in Lysine and Tryptophan Glucose threshold in poultry is 200 mg/100 mL Chromosome: i. DNA: 20%, ii. RNA: 10% iii. Nuclear proteins: 70%
