i. First degree: Simply reddening of skin and mild inflammatory reaction ii. Second degree: Blister formation, coagulative necrosis of epidermis, inflammation, and blister formation is due to hydropic degeneration. Epidermis only is destroyed iii. Third degree: Complete necrosis, severe inflammation, ulcer formation, healing with eschar formation, scar formation, Shock and sepsis, both dermis and epidermis is affected iv. Fourth degree: Tissue is completely charred and blackened Anaemia due to excessive haemorrhage, extravasation of blood -> Haemorrhagic anaemia Haemonchus, Ancylostomum, braken fern poisoning, Vitamin C deficiency causes Haemorrhagic anaemia Increased number of RBCs, PCV, Hb is Polycythemia due to dehydration Increased number of WBCs is leukocytosis (WBC counts between 50,000 and 100,000 per microliter). A WBC count over 100,000 occurs with leukemia or other blood and bone marrow cancer Decreased number of WBCs is leukopaenia. If all five cells (Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes) are affected then panleukopaenia (Equine infectious anaemia, Feline panleukopaenia) Smooth tongue or Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue is common in Holstein Friesian Cleft palate or Hare lip is Palatoschisis Lampas is inflammation of hard palate Stomatitis is inflammation of oral mucosa. Vesicular stomatitis: FMD, Erosive stomatitis: Rinderpest, Ulcerative stomatitis: BVD (Mucosal disease) Complete or partial oesophageal obstruction is choke Inflammation of crop is ingluvitis (Candida or Monilia albicans): Turkish towel appearance of crop Spherophorus necrophorus (Fusobacterium necrophorum) causes necrotic rhinitis Omasitis by Actinobacillosis also wooden tongue Abomasitis by Clostridium species (Braxy, Bradshot), Hog cholera, BVD (Mucosal disease), Theileria Inflammation of caecum is Typhilitis (Eimeria tenella, Histomonas) Presence of TB nodules in peritoneum is Pearly disease or Miliary disease Nasal polyps by Rhinosporidium seeberi Nasal granuloma by Schistosoma nasalis, mites, plant pollens Failure of alveoli to open is atelectasis Increased amount of air in lungs marked by dilation of alveoli is emphysema Four stages of pneumonia are: CongestionRed hepatisation Grey hepatisation Resolution Eosinophilic false membrane of fibrin over alveolar surface and bronchiole is knoiwn as Hyaline membrane pneumonia Pulmonary adenomatosis is a slow viral sheep disease In peneumoconiasis also granulomatous lung reaction occurs RAA: Aorta here develops from right arch present on right side of trachea and oesophagus-Pomeranian Remnant of ductus arteriosus is Ligamentum arteriosum Centrilobular necrosis in liver Nutmeg liver (mottled appearance of the liver as a result of hepatic venous congestion) Left sided heart failure: Congestion and oedema in lungs Heart failure cells: Microscopic lesion of left sided heart failure Right sided heart failure: Jugular pulse, ascites and congestion of visceral organs (Mainly liver is affected) Nutmeg liver in right sided heart failure Aneurysm is dilation of artery or cardiac chamber Telangiectasis is dilation of veins of sinusoidal capillaries Lymphangitis is inflammation of lymph vessels Lymphadenitis is inflammation of lymph nodes Equine rhabdomyolysis Azoturia or Monday morning sickness in full fed horses due to lactic acid accumulation. Myoglobinuria typical in Azoturia White muscle disease due to Vitamin E deficiency also due to Selenium deficiency Clostridium chauvoei produces acute myositis Mycobacterium, Corneybacterium, Trichinella, Sarcosporidia causes chronic myositis Fibrous osteodystrophy is due to hyper acute parathyroid gland Osteopetrosis or Marble bone disease is Avian Leukosis Fibrous osteodystrophy animal shows Rubber jaw Rheumatoid arthritis caused by Antigen-Antibody complex (Type III)